A section-by-section guide to reading a third-party laboratory report, from sample identification to chromatograms. Learn what each part can and cannot tell you.
Five patterns that reduce the evidence available about a peptide vendor, from untraceable COAs to claims that outrun the documentation.
What makes purity testing genuinely independent, what peptide impurities look like, and why a single purity result still has firm limits.
How HPLC produces the purity figures on peptide certificates of analysis, and why area-percent purity is not the same as identity or content.